The Cullinan Diamond: A Majestic Giant Among Gems
The Cullinan Diamond, a name that resonates with awe and historical significance, stands as the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever discovered. Its story is one of breathtaking size, intricate cutting, and royal legacy, making it a captivating subject for gem enthusiasts and history buffs alike. This article explores the journey of this remarkable diamond, from its discovery to its current place within the British Crown Jewels.
Discovery and Initial Impressions:
On January 26, 1905, Frederick Wells, superintendent of the Premier Mine in Cullinan, South Africa, noticed a glimmering object embedded in the wall of the mine. Upon closer inspection, it was revealed to be an enormous diamond, weighing an astounding 3,106.75 carats (621.35 grams). Its sheer size was unprecedented, dwarfing any diamond previously unearthed. The diamond was named after Thomas Cullinan, the mine’s chairman.
The Cullinan Diamond was not only remarkable for its size but also for its exceptional clarity and color. It possessed a faint blue-white hue and was virtually free of inclusions, contributing to its extraordinary brilliance. Its shape was irregular, with a flat back surface, suggesting it might have been part of an even larger crystal.
The Journey to King Edward VII:
The discovery of such a monumental gem sparked intense interest worldwide. The Transvaal Colony government, which then controlled the region, decided to present the diamond to King Edward VII as a gesture of loyalty and goodwill. This decision, though controversial at the time, was intended to solidify relations between Britain and South Africa following the Boer War.
The diamond was transported to London under tight security, with elaborate precautions taken to prevent theft. A dummy diamond was even shipped on a separate vessel to confuse potential thieves. In November 1907, the Cullinan Diamond was officially presented to King Edward VII at Sandringham House.
Cutting the Colossus:
King Edward VII entrusted the cutting of the Cullinan Diamond to Asscher’s Diamond Company in Amsterdam, renowned for their expertise in handling large and complex stones. Joseph Asscher, the company’s master cutter, faced the daunting task of dividing the enormous rough diamond into manageable and aesthetically pleasing gems.
The cutting process was a meticulous and challenging undertaking. Asscher spent months studying the diamond, planning the most efficient and effective way to cleave it. The first attempt to cleave the diamond was fraught with tension, as the blade broke, but the diamond remained intact. Eventually, with a specially designed tool, the diamond was successfully cleaved into nine major stones and numerous smaller brilliants.
The nine major stones, designated Cullinan I through IX, were polished and shaped with exceptional craftsmanship. Each stone reflected the brilliance and clarity of the original rough diamond.
The Cullinan I: The Great Star of Africa:
The largest of the nine stones, the Cullinan I, also known as the Great Star of Africa, is a pendeloque-cut diamond weighing 530.2 carats. It held the title of the largest cut diamond in the world until the discovery of the Golden Jubilee Diamond in 1985. The Cullinan I is set in the British Sovereign’s Sceptre with Cross, a prominent piece of the Crown Jewels.
Its shape, a pear-shaped pendeloque, maximizes its brilliance and fire. The stone’s clarity and color are exceptional, making it a truly magnificent gem.
The Cullinan II: The Second Star of Africa:
The second-largest stone, the Cullinan II, or the Second Star of Africa, is a cushion-cut diamond weighing 317.4 carats. It is set in the front of the Imperial State Crown, another key component of the Crown Jewels.
The Cullinan II complements the Cullinan I in its brilliance and clarity. Its cushion cut enhances its sparkle and makes it a captivating centerpiece of the crown.
The Other Cullinans:
The remaining seven major stones, Cullinan III through IX, were also incorporated into various pieces of royal jewelry.
- Cullinan III: A pear-shaped diamond weighing 94.4 carats, it is often worn as a pendant alongside the Cullinan IV.
- Cullinan IV: A cushion-cut diamond weighing 63.6 carats, it is frequently worn as a brooch with the Cullinan III.
- Cullinan V: A heart-shaped diamond weighing 18.8 carats, it is set in a brooch.
- Cullinan VI: A marquise-cut diamond weighing 11.5 carats, it is set in a necklace.
- Cullinan VII: A marquise-cut diamond weighing 6.8 carats, it is set in a pendant.
- Cullinan VIII: An oblong-cut diamond weighing 6.3 carats, it is set in a brooch.
- Cullinan IX: A pendeloque-cut diamond weighing 4.4 carats, it is set in a ring.
These smaller stones, though less massive than the Cullinan I and II, are still remarkable gems in their own right, each contributing to the overall splendor of the royal collection.
The Cullinan Diamonds in the Crown Jewels:
The Cullinan Diamonds hold a prominent place in the British Crown Jewels, symbolizing royal power and prestige. The Cullinan I and II, in particular, are integral parts of the Sovereign’s Sceptre and the Imperial State Crown, respectively.
The Crown Jewels, housed in the Tower of London, attract millions of visitors each year, eager to witness the splendor of these historic gems. The Cullinan Diamonds, with their extraordinary size and brilliance, are undoubtedly among the most captivating treasures on display.
Legacy and Significance:
The Cullinan Diamond’s legacy extends beyond its physical beauty and royal association. It represents a pivotal moment in the history of diamond mining and cutting. Its discovery and subsequent cutting revolutionized the diamond industry, demonstrating the potential for finding and processing exceptionally large stones.
The Cullinan Diamonds also serve as a reminder of the complex historical relationship between Britain and South Africa. Their journey from a South African mine to the British Crown Jewels reflects the colonial past and the ongoing dialogue about cultural heritage.
Today, the Cullinan Diamonds continue to fascinate and inspire, serving as a testament to the enduring allure of these precious gems. Their story, from a rough stone unearthed in a South African mine to the glittering centerpieces of the British Crown Jewels, is a remarkable chapter in the history of diamonds. The Cullinan Diamond stands as an unparalleled wonder, a true giant among gems, and a permanent fixture in the annals of diamond history.